Encryption and hacking are distinct concepts in computer security. Encryption secures data by converting it into unreadable code, protecting it from unauthorized access. Hacking, on the other hand, involves unauthorized access or manipulation of computer systems, often for malicious purposes. Encryption aims to safeguard confidentiality, while hacking poses threats to security and integrity.

A firewall is a security system that monitors and controls network traffic based on predefined rules. It protects against unauthorized access and cyber threats by filtering incoming and outgoing traffic. Firewalls enhance network security by acting as a barrier between trusted internal networks and untrusted external networks like the internet.

The NIS Directive (Network and Information Systems Directive) is a European Union law aimed at improving cybersecurity across member states. It requires operators of essential services and digital service providers to implement measures to ensure the security of their networks and information systems. The directive mandates the reporting of significant cybersecurity incidents to national authorities and promotes cooperation among EU countries to enhance cybersecurity capabilities. Its goal is to strengthen the overall resilience of critical infrastructure and essential services against cyber threats.